How to trigger make.com if my google sheet column changed?

Not easily, no.
The challenge is that you can only send webhooks with actions, not based on time.
And actions need user interaction.

What you could do is send a webhook to Make when the item is created, including the calculated due date, and then store the details in a Data Store. You could then have a Make task that runs periodically to check for any overdue items, and send an email. If a payment was made against any of them, you would also need to send a webhook at that point, so the data store could be updated.

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