Sure, there’s a few ways to do that. You could probably have a choice component with different options that will write to a column that you use for your filter to compare the date in the list to the screen value date set by a choice.
Check out this post for some ideas. I haven’t tried using text values from a choice component to set a date, but it might be worth a shot. Or you could use a math column to calculate a number of days from today (might be better if you want the value to automatically update) then use that calculated value for your filter.