After some Googling, I believe Google Drive does allow you to store the filename, but not in the URL. The URL seems to only show the file ID as you mentioned. To retrieve the original file name, you must dive into the file’s metadata.
Glide does allow you to keep the file name in the URL when you upload files, though.
The calling method is provided here, but it also comes with authorization headers.
If your file name does not get changed frequently, then when you add a new item with a Drive link, I would send that link to Make through a webhook action, then retrieve the file name using an API call/get file action there, update the name back to Glide in a basic column.